What Is Culture Essays - Anthropology, Sociology Of Culture

What is Culture? With an assorted populace existing in the United States today, our nation is a mixture of various societies, every one of a kind in its own regard. Culture, recognizing one cultural gathering from another, incorporates convictions, practices, language, conventions, workmanship, design styles, food, religion, legislative issues, and financial frameworks. Through deep rooted and consistently changing procedures of learning, inventiveness, and sharing, culture shapes our examples of conduct and thinking. A societies noteworthiness is significant to such an extent that it contacts pretty much every part of who and what we are. Culture turns into the focal point through which we see and assess what is happening around us (Henslin, 1993). Attempting to characterize the unpredictable term of culture with shifting components of discernable qualities is a troublesome undertaking. Maybe, a depiction of a culture would be simpler to clarify. For example, an Iranian lady has recently showed up in your office for administrations and it is promptly clear that her way of life is altogether different than yours. To start with, her dim shaded attire covers her whole body from head to toe, including a dark shroud over her face. Besides, as she talks, a social contrast is identified in both, her language and motions. Her articulation and the non-obvious outward appearances make an obstruction for appreciating the correspondence. Afterward, as the administration for the lady advances, her convictions, qualities, and standards of her way of life are scattered. For instance, all together for the lady to demonstrate her face to another male openly, she should initially demand consent from her significant other to disclose. During furt her conversation, it turns out to be significantly progressively clear, that this Iranian lady is docile and has a lower level of status than that of Iranian guys. These qualities are demonstrative of this womans culture. As passed on in the above depiction, the qualities speak to the one of a kind images of ones culture. Images, in delegate type of correspondence, craftsmanship, articulations, materials, etc, permit a social gathering to create complex musings and to trade those contemplations with one another. Through the trading of images, ones social thoughts, convictions, and qualities, are given starting with one age then onto the next. Individuals are not brought into the world with culture; they need to learn it. All through the advancement of the whole life expectancy, culture is found out from the general public wherein we live. Moreover, in the different populace of the United States, ethnic gatherings or social orders should cooperate with different gatherings outside the domain of their individual self. So as to do as such, it is fundamental for the social orders to trade dialects, thoughts, or even, innovation. Also, the changing situations of the total populace requires a requirement for social adjustment for essential endurance. For instance, a move from the United States, where essential assets are ample, to Russia, where the assets are scant, would drive an adjustment to the social contrasts so as to build up another way of life. Taking everything into account, culture characterizes what our identity is, the manner by which we think, and how we act. A few sorts of culture are incorporate better methods for making life securer than others. Social qualities that offer a few points of interest, utility, or even joys are looked for and acknowledged by social orders. As per a conspicuous anthropologist, Culture is infectious. A culture is a necessary chore: the security and coherence of life. (Britannica.com, p.12). References Henslin, J. (1993). Humanism: a sensible methodology. Needham Heights: Simon and Schuster, Inc. Prologue to culture. Britannica Encyclopedia. Recovered Sept. 8, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.britannica.com/bcom/ed/article/6/0,5716,118246+12+109857,00.html

The Hawaiian Monarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Hawaiian Monarchy - Essay Example Kamehameha utilized insight social event and fighting experience to vanquish a large portion of his adversaries in various war fronts. The bound together lawful framework advanced solidarity in the Hawaiian Islands considerably after the passing of the Kamehameha. This shows the quality of the legitimate framework instated and the resistance of the Hawaiian individuals. As indicated by Potter et al. (76), the Hawaiian Islands stayed joined for quite a while except for the five months British occupation. For the instance of innovation and other current ideas, Kamehameha made contacts with the outside world, for example, the British who gave his military modem innovation. The advanced arsenal made his military predominant and this helped him and his relatives to have an innovatively and well-prepared armed force (Potter et al. (129). Generally, Kamehameha embraced innovation, especially on ordnance through making of contacts among Hawaii and outside world. Later these ties made exchange joins, which saw Hawaii Islands form into a business lope. Taking everything into account, the Hawaii Islands stay joined up to today due to the solid lawful framework, Kamehameha made. A few fights brought the unification of the Hawaiian Islands. On his passing in 1819, lord Kamehameha left the law of the fragmented oar and other credited laws as the binding together mainstay of the Hawaiians Potter et al.

Discussion 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conversation 6 - Assignment Example Starting here, I would state I am strange notions about various things, particularly those that have to do with the Christian religion. For instance, I conviction that individuals kick the bucket as a result of the evil idea of mankind: as the holy book says that the wages of wrongdoing is passing. This is in opposition to science, which gives reasons like mature age and infections as the regular reason for death. I additionally accept that the universe was structurally organized and made (by God) however science says that the universe occurred through advancement. I additionally accept that the world will reach a conclusion all individuals will be judged however science denies this. The contention on the presence of God is an exceptionally unpredictable. This is maybe a direct result of the disparate discussion around the presence of God. Be that as it may, the character of God, similarly as science are both not decisive and absolutely persuading. This is on the grounds that on account of science, few out of every odd marvel of the universe has been demonstrated by science. This is the reason we have transcendentalism. The character of God is additionally too conceptual to even think about believing. In any case, drawing a line, it would be said that the two occurrences exist as science has never persuaded the universe of the beginning of the universe. In spite of the fact that science discusses advancement, the inquiry will keep on being that â€Å"who made that first molecule that began growing and why has mankind not changed to something different on the off chance that we developed from primates. Why have primates not likewise transformed into people after quite a while. So there is a concealed piece of the presence of the world and that is God. In reality, to have a place with a religion is a decent move to make. This is on the grounds that all religions have an elevated level of lecturing and instructing that features on great and amicable living. In the event that in fact all people were to remain by the center standards of religion, almost certainly, the world would be a serene spot to live. Be that as it may, all the more significantly, he opportunity ought to arrive when the discussion won't be

Vital Pieces of Define Thesis Statement

Vital Pieces of Define Thesis Statement Choosing Good Define Thesis Statement If you don't understand how to create a particular purpose statement, have a look at our lesson on it. For the reason, it's usually suggested to finish a satisfactory study just before deciding upon a particular assistance. New music is 1 thing and that's a portion of our life. In truth, it is possible to satisfy with all the author on line and concentrate on your research. Whispered Define Thesis Statement Secrets The principal strategy of the entire essay will likely be your thesis assertion. The principal plan of the total essay will likely be your thesis assertion. The principal plan of a person's full essay will probably be your thesis assertion. The principal plan of the general essay will likely be your thesis assertion. Within this instance you are able to approach SameDayEssay. An excellent practice is to place the thesis statement at the conclusion of your introduction so it's poss ible to use it in order to lead in the body of your paper. If you're searching for good thesis statement examples from where you're able to learn to compose yours, then you're home. The Fight Against Define Thesis Statement The genuine thesis statement is both precise and right to the point yet some explanation was given to elaborate the particulars of the study. In rhetoric, a claim is much like a thesis. Above the duration of the tutorial occupation, you are going to be asked for to compose a whole lot of essays and papers on several subjects, based on the coaching routine. You will find a considerable selection of methods online in which learners can discover expression papers free of charge. One of the most essential elements of writing any complicated academic paper like thesis statements is the capability to convince your reader to adopt your perspective. Over the duration of someone's educational job, you may be asked for to compose many papers and essays on numerous subject areas, based on the coaching system. Frequently, it actually is basic to discover fully free essay, but there exists yet another challenge to get the essay, which you truly want. The offered article gives the fundamentals of thesis writing and some excellent examples to think about. Free ebook stories are offered from the assortment of resources. For instance, if you want for only a 10-page essay, you're likely to genuinely will need to include just 5 web pages. Always make sure that you take a look at the review my essay section of any writing service website you're thinking of using. As soon as you locate a service you prefer, don't neglect to look at my review of it. In a nutshell, the service exists, so should you need to use it in order to find a top essay, that's reason enough. You're inside the appropriate spot as our gurus are really able to aid you with composition of any style. If you don't feel as if you have enough time to write essays all on your own , we will give you a hand, any instance of the day, seven days per week. Over the length of the tutorial job, you may be asked for to compose quite a few papers and essays on several subject areas, based on the instruction program. Over the period inside your educational profession, you may be asked for to compose a number of papers and essays on a number of matters, based on the schooling process. Even should you not have the time to find advice elsewhere, you can do a little thesis evaluation of your own. The sentence Ritalin is a helpful drug is far too hazy to earn a superior thesis. A thesis is the consequence of an extended thinking practice. Nowadays you have a working thesis! Basically, you'll be able to coordinate with all the author on line and go over your assignments. You may generate the same assortment of essay regardless of what model the quetion normally takes. Above the duration of someone's tutorial profession, you may be asked for to compose a whole lot of essays and papers on numerous matters, based on the schooling routine. Above the duration of your respective tutorial vocation, you could possibly be asked for to compose several essays and papers on several matters, based on the coaching routine. Define Thesis Statement - What Is It? A topic sentence is typically the very first sentence of the paragraph, not the previous sentence of the prior paragraph. A topic sentence is easily the most important sentence in a paragraph. The topic sentence functions as a type of summary, and provides the reader an insightful view of the writer's major suggestions for the next paragraph. Having said it, look at the rest of the sentences in the paragraph and test them to be sure they support it... If you discover that you have produced the very same topic sentence more than once, you've got two paragraphs doing precisely the same work. Type of Define Thesis Statement Over the duration of your respective educational occupation, you may b e asked for to compose a great deal of papers and essays on several different subject areas, based on the teaching program. About the duration of your respective tutorial vocation, you are going to be asked for to compose a great deal of essays and papers on a lot of subjects, based on the schooling routine. More than the period of your respective educational job, you may be asked for to compose a great deal of essays and papers on lots of matters, based on the education routine. In excess of the period in your tutorial job, you're likely to be asked for to compose a great deal of essays and papers on a lot of subject areas, based on the education routine.

Analysis Of Howard Zinn s Violence And Human Nature

Violence and war is notable throughout history. However, it is lazy to say that this proves humans are naturally violent. Rather than using nature as an excuse for those who chose to act violently it’s important we recognize that we have a choice to decide how we act. In Howard Zinn’s, â€Å"Violence and Human Nature† He shows that violence is not an instinct but that the environment in which they live in provokes them to act violently or peacefully depending on their choice (43). In City of God, a film concentrating on the gangs of Rio de Janeiro during the 1960’s to the 1980’s, specifically the township of Cidade de Deus, we are introduced to various characters who all make different choices under different motivations. Rocket, the little brother to a member of the Tender Trio, who are essentially the Robin Hood’s of the City of God, to act non-violently despite his environment and the influences around him. Rocket is non-violent through the reputation that was built from his passion for photography. On the beach Rocket uses his camera as a means to increase his reputation. His choice of subjects in his photographs focus mainly on his crush, Angelica, and attempts to remove her current boyfriend, Tiago through the use of lighting. His photography interests Angelica and effectively pulls her away from Tiago allowing him to non-violently undermine his competition for his crush Angelica, while also elevating his status with her through his ability to make her appear beautiful inShow MoreRelatedInterpretivism7441 Words   |  30 Pagessurprising regularity: Feminist research takes a variety of legitimate forms; there is no â€Å"distinctive feminist method of research† (Harding, 1987; see also Chafetz, 2004a, 2004b; Fonow Cook, 2005; Hawkesworth, 2006; Hesse-Biber, 2007; Risman, Sprague, Howard, 1993; and Sprague, 2005). And yet, to this day, the relationship between feminist theor y and quantitative social science research remains uneasy. Among feminist scholars, quantitative research is often seen as suspect for its association with positivism

Kurt Vonnegut’s Harrison Bergeron and Shirley Jacksons...

Freedom is one of the many great qualities of life, but when it is taken away, life could turn out to be anything but great. Freedom to think, repent, and refuse should be incorporated in ones daily routine, but under an authoritarian dystopian society, these freedoms are only dreamt of. When society draws such attitudes and lifestyles upon its citizens, one adapts and accepts these requests, but not without a compromise. In Shirley Jackson’s masterpiece ‘The Lottery’ and Kurt Vonnegut’s exceptional story ‘Harrison Bergeron’, human life is so often sacrificed and withdrawn that is becomes a norm in society. Forcing people to agree with someone else’s ideology of harmony and success cannot be achieved without discarding the non-believers.†¦show more content†¦Therefore, because of the lottery being such a respectable tradition, it is strictly enforced to keep it original and antique. For instance, when Mr. Summers addresses the c rowd â€Å"All ready? Now I’ll read the names –heads of families first—and the men come up to take a paper out of the box. Keep the paper folded in your hands without looking at it until everyone has had a turn, everything clear† (Jackson, 3)? This quote is a perfect example of the rules and regulations of the lottery, because even though the members of the village have heard this time and time again, Mr. Summers still repeats it. He repeats it because if he does not, the laws of the lottery will be broken which can bring about a bad harvest. Mr. Summers follows an elaborate system of rules for creating the slips of paper and making up the lists of families. When the lottery begins, he lays out a series of specific rules for the villagers, including who should draw slips of paper from the black box and when to open those papers. For generations and generations, these rules were always followed; to insure a good harvest, and follow tradition. The lotteryâ €™s unique rules lead up to the randomness of the murder at the end. Meanwhile in the short story Harrison Bergeron, the government admires an egalitarian point of view instead of traditional. The United States of America is run by the Handicapper General, Diana Moon Glampers. Due to the 211th 212th and 213thShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr.1203 Words   |  5 Pagesadhere firmly to the viewpoint of a specific character or characters. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† are two good examples of third-person point of view stories. These two stories give the authors the liberty to influence their content and theme across to readers using third-person narration without being biased. The third-person point of view in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery demonstrates a remarkably unbiased narrator. The storyteller does notRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson And Kurt Vonneguts The Lottery1788 Words   |  8 Pagesworld. Through the mid to late 1900s Shirley Jackson and Kurt Vonnegut published a number of fictional pieces in the United States. During this time, each addressed the existing struggle between the individual and society. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† and Kurt Vonnegut’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† are two stories that depict the oppression an individual faces when pitted to society. Jackson’s piece in particular points to the danger of blind following, while Vonnegut’s work addresses the danger in totalRead MoreEssay on Using Fear to Control the Masses1099 Words   |  5 Pages1984, The Lottery, and Harrison Bergeron. The government in 1984 uses fear to control the masses. They set strict rules but leave a level of life completely unknown. The Party uses the people’s easygoing, trusting personalities to their advantages. In Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery, the government holds an annual meeting where names are drawn and someone is toned to death. Not knowing through the whole process who will be chosen is a way for the government to instill fear in the people. Shirley JacksonRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr. s Harrison Bergeron1604 Words   |  7 PagesA common theme of placing societal influences over personal values and beliefs can be found in Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†, and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†. These short stories describe situations in which the citizens allow the superiors to have full control, without thinking twice about the laws and traditions that require their submission. Both of these short stories are similar in theme, because each tells about a communit y that chooses to participate in cruel and inhumane traditionsRead MoreThe Lottery and Harrison Bergeron1100 Words   |  5 Pages The Lottery and Harrison Bergeron People with power in society often have the ability to influence the practice of certain traditions. These traditions can affect what a citizen is entitled to do. In todays day and age, life without basic freedoms and rights sounds unthinkable. However, in Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† and Kurt Vonneguts â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† this is the reality. Old Man Warner and the Handicapper General show that people in positions of authority encourage outdated traditionsRead MoreMy Opinion On Teaching Style Essay1837 Words   |  8 Pagesmore than most people could hope to achieve in their lives, but you may as well learn from the best when learning. The second story that comes to mind is none other than Kurt Vonnegut’s Harrison Bergeron. This short story, despite its length, is full of detail that allows the reader to construct an idea of what this world that Kurt Vonnegut has imagined in his head. The amazing thing about the settings of short stories is the limited space allowed for exposition. This means that all setting must be

Interplay of Relational Governance †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Interplay of Relational Governance. Answer: Introduction In this business oriented, it is crucial for the firms to comply with rules and regulations and set standards to conduct the business activities due to public awareness and legal complications. Accounting is also an important area of business that requires fair and transparent practices due to having concerns towards the stakeholders including customers, investors, employees and society. This report aims to analyse the detailed understanding of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting at different areas. This report is divided into several aspects which indicate the detailed analysis of each and every aspect. In the first section, it presents the concept of social contract theory. In second section, it presents the meaning of legitimacy practices of accounting and its importance in business. Furthermore, in further sections, it analyzes the importance and criticisms of social contract theory for the business and society in relation to accounting practices (Mansell, 2015). M oreover, it also explains that how social contract theory sets an agreement between the business and society to follow the ethical and moral standards in accounting practices and benefits to the society and community. At the same time, it also indicates different implementation techniques to adopt the social contract theory in accounting to increase the reliability and validity of the financial reporting so that the organisation can promote the interests of their internal and external stakeholders. Along with this, it should also be noted down that, this research study is more valuable, effective, and beneficial for the readers, learners and researchers because it directly or indirectly improve understanding about the different concepts, applications and principles associated with the social contract social theory, legitimacy, corporate social responsibilities, stakeholders theories. In addition to this, this research paper is characterized with wider scope because it addresses and suggests various research topics for the further research in an effective and proper manner. In addition to this, this research paper is also deals with several research objectives that would be attained during the study of this research paper in order to reach valid outcomes of the study. At the same time, in the context of this research study, the secondary source of information is used as a secondary method of data collection in order to fulfill the aims and objectives associated with this resear ch paper. For example, to effectively collect the accurate, reliable and meaningful information towards the research topic, academic books, research articles, business articles, academic material and others secondary sources are used in order to reach a valid conclusion. Social Contract Theory In order to understand the implications of social contract to legitimacy theory of accounting, it is essential to understand the meaning of social contract and legitimacy of the accounting. With the help of this, a reader can interlink both social contract and legitimacy of accounting properly. From the study of Chiu Sharfman (2011), it can be evaluated that the concept of social contract provides the framework of standards and laws for how the government and people should interact. Living in a society, it is mandatory for the people to follow some rules and laws to abide with the society. Individual lives in the society and get protection from outsiders. In return, it is crucial for them to get certain freedom and contribute to society in making it more stable, wealthy and happy. Overall, this theory is more important and significant in order to understand the common rules and standards in an effective and proper manner. According to Taylor Walton Young, (2013), social contract theory is important for the todays changing business climate. As per the study of McKinsey and Co 2012 in USA it revealed that many small and big businesses take active part in the social, environmental and political issues. The social contract theory enables the business to fulfill its responsibilities towards their communities and it helps the struggling people and nonprofit organizations to satisfy the demands of the people. At the same time, it can also be said that, business organizations must effectively follow the CSR functions not only to attain their key goals but also attain competitive advantages from the competitive market environment. Moreover, the social theory involves more in their local communities and interacts with the society regarding their wellness. The business earns sufficient profits and provides many resources to the communities through a donation in charities and volunteering activities in schools a nd colleges. Most of the businesses donate products and run environmentally friendly campaigns. In addition to this, business firms are also conducts several types of social work in order to improve their corporate image and value in the front of key stakeholders. This is important because a company could directly or indirectly enhance the level of profit and marketability in an effective and proper manner. In addition to this, several costs could also be reduced by the company if it fulfill CSR functions inovativlely and properly. These activities and examples indicated the relevance of social contract theory in business that identifies the value of giving back. As per the views of Baker (2013), the social contract theory protects the interest of the stakeholders through effective accounting practices. Stakeholders are any group or individual who can influence the objectives of the organization significantly. The fair accounting practices and ethical considerations protect the inte rest of the stakeholders in an organisation. The social contract theory enables business or companies to fulfill their obligations towards the different stakeholders. The lot of people can be the stakeholders for the company including managers, employees, customers, employees and suppliers. The social contract theory develops the sense of trusts and usefulness among the various stakeholders in the company (Tester, 2014). The trusts can be develops through display the fair information regarding the companies policies and products in front of them. It ensures that organizations follow the ethical practices and all information are should fairly display to the stakeholders according to the requirement and need. According to the Krieg, (2013), the social contract theory is an important aspect for the business to follow ethical practices. Without this social contract, there would be no structure of the society and everyone can fly like a free bird in the air without any restrictions and moral values. The simple concept of this theory is to prevent society or organisation to follow the unethical practices and bad rules that are against the society and the government. In this theory, it comprises the set of standards which follows by the individuals, businesses, and society that prescribes that how they used each other for the mutual benefits on the condition that others follow those same rules and practice them. The importance of social contract theory in a global context that indicates the account of political legitimacy, grounded in the idea that naturally free and all human beings an equal power to exercise over one another, except in accordance with the principle of mutual consent (Slater and Tonkiss, 2013). As per the views of Rhodes Mny (2016), stated that the basic elements of the social contract regarding society it clearly indicates that all individuals are equal, they are all related to one another, and they have some incentive to leave the initial situation in favor of some relative advantage gained by the entry into the civil society. The second element refers that the normative characteristics of the parties to the contract. The parties described as they are motivated by their own consent and they will only agree to the social contract if they perceive any benefit from the social interaction. There are two dimensions in the social contract theory one is an empirical dimension and other is a normative dimension (Hepworth, et al., 2016). The empirical dimensions related to the history of origins of the state and normative dimensions of the social contract theory are based upon rules and principles that make the state legitimate. Moreover, under normative dimension, the social contract theory addresses two more questions like what are rules or principles of justice that bind the citizens in relation to each other and secondly under what conditions may the state legitimately act as the ultimate arbiter in the relation among citizens. Moreover, the social contract theory led to the natural liberty to the ownership of the human rights. This concept is generating from the myth and stated that the individuals lived in a natural condition and characterized with the state of nature (Fried, 2015). In Free State of nature, all humans are free to live and natural of all religions. There is no restriction or court of law over the individuals. These natural characteristics indicated that the social contract theory enables individuals to live free according to the state of nature. The law of the state of nature indicated that human being lives for peace and social contract theory brings peace through liberty, not through violence. Cooke (2014) expressed that social contract theory in businesses is different. In business, it is an unwritten and strictly hypothetical agreement not to violate the moral rules. All members of the society are said to agree to this contract simply by participating in the society. There are three main theories of business ethics. The stockholder theory holds that the company has no obligations to society other than to earn huge profits for the stockholders under the business ethics limits and law. As per the stakeholder theory, it refers that company is morally obliged to all parties with a stake as a result of its operations. The social contract theory holds that all business operates are bound with the contract with the communities and societies and the society allows the businesses only when they get the benefits from the operations (Wallenburg Schffler, 2014). Legitimacy Theory in Accounting: The increasing importance of fair accounting practices after some scams and scandals across the world has also raised the requirement of formation of legitimate accounts by the firms. It is because legitimacy of the accounting practices is crucial in reducing such scams and scandals and avoiding financial uncertainties. Therefore, it is mandatory to introduce the legitimacy theory and principles into the accounting practices. As reported by Yang, et al. (2012), legitimacy theory is important to manage the risks associated with the business and maintain the transparency and fairness in the business. This theory holds that it is mandatory for the firms to disclose the correct and relevant information about their financial position without hiding any information to the investors and other stakeholders. It prohibits the firms to present the false and inappropriate financial information because it may lead to failure to accomplish the interests of the stakeholders (Lanis Richardson, 2012 ). Legitimacy theory is associated with the fairness and transparency of the financial accounts of the company. There should be proper accountability of the financial reporting by an individual of the company. There are several stakeholders including accounting firms, financial analysts, users, market regulators, large firms, accounting agencies and auditors, who use the financial reports of the firms to make their own decisions. But, fair and transparent reporting enables them to make good decisions in relation to the fulfillment of their interests. According to Bebbington Unerman and O'Dwyer, (2014), the legitimacy theory also emphasizes businesses and corporate to follow the ethical practices towards their community. The business main aim is to earn maximum profits for their stakeholders and employees. The legitimacy theory puts the laws, compliances, integrity and policies regarding their way of earning profits. The business needs to follow the protocols to earn the profits. These protocols are ethical standards, codes and fair practices in the business operations towards their communities, employees, and society. Legitimacy is important in every business to build the goodwill in the market for a longer period of time. If any business does not follow the protocols and not meet up the expectations of the society then it would consider that the breach of social contract with the society. Legitimacy theory of accounting is used in the social accounting (Fernando Lawrence, 2014). This theory argues that any organisation or busin ess only exists when its operations are legitimate towards the public or society. Organisation a can face many challenges or threats to their legitimacy (e.g. a serious accident, major pollution leak or a financial scandal) and in consequence, may employ broad legitimation strategies to reduce that threat. Legitimacy theory offers important insights into social accounting practices. In social accounting practices, the company needs to follow all the standards like corporate reporting and environmental reporting. Legitimacy theory enhances the trust between the internal and external people. The business can earn trust if it is being fair and responsible in everything they do. The businesses are expanding day by day and there is a need for legitimacy is important in business towards the triple bottom line of the company (Ball Grubnic, and Birchall, 2014). The triple bottom line elements like social, economical and environmental responsibilities of the business. The legitimate practice s enhance the performance of these triple bottom line elements. As per the study of Crane (2013), the current role of accounting is influenced by the environmental issues of the business. To reduce these issues the implication of legitimacy theory is important in accounting to develop a comprehensive report of environmental accounting and should report to their shareholders. Legitimacy theory is supported by the social contract as been recognized as an explanatory tool regarding the motive of environmental reporting by business organizations. The organization continues needs to operate within the respective norms and limits of their respective societies. The company needs to modify its policies and reporting structures time to time regarding their responsibilities towards CSR and sustainability to ensure a society that they are adopting the fair practices. The company needs to disclose information to the society and stakeholders regarding the environmental impacts in order to conform to social perceptions. Legitimacy supports the notion that the companies modify their reporting policies in order to ensure that their operations are up to standards and beneficial for the society (Smith, 2014). Legitimacy theory is one of the important theories that explains the social accounting practices. The social accounting practices explain the reason behind the environmental reporting and social contract. Relevance and Application of the Social Contract to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting In the views of Spence Rinaldi (2014), legitimacy is important for the organisation as well as for business. The word legitimacy refers that the moral standards, codes, and values followed by the business and organisation to provides better results to the society. The social contract theory promotes the interest of the public in accounting standards. The legitimacy is important for a business to reduce the uncertainties and unethical practices followed by the company or individual (Lenski, 2013). The social contract theory always emphasizes to organisation to maintain the coordination between the customers and users. The main aim objective of the social contract is to the overall welfare of the society through the adoption of legitimate practices in accounting. According to Delanty (2013), social contract theory emphasizes to the accountants and professionals to give the fair disclosure of all the reporting to its users of the business. It includes stakeholders, employees, suppliers , and society. Every person has its own requirement to use the information of the business significantly. For e.g. Society wants that the organisation should fulfill the responsibilities towards CSR matters. The social contract theory supports organizations and top management to follow ethical and fair practices in their accounting in the area of CSR and Sustainability, so that the society gets some benefits from these practices. The legitimacy theory supports the notion of the company that they follow the rules and regulations of the business as per the expectations of the business. As stated by Smelser (2013), social contract theory influences the reliability and validity of the accounting works. The importance of social contract theory is to increase the demand of the stakeholders of the company that can be expensive for the company. The social contract to legitimate practices in accounting leads to increase the interest of stakeholders of the company to achieve the strategic goa ls of the company. With the level of the stakeholder, power increases the importance of meeting stakeholders demands also increases. The main objective of the social contract theory is to balance between the business and society and generates maximum revenue simultaneously achieving the social responsibilities of the business. According to Colman (2013), without legitimacy in accounting there is no existence of business for a long time. The business without a social contract and ethical practices cannot survive in the todays competitive world. Now a days many big organizations and companies focus on their social responsibilities and legitimate practices. Ultimately society is the base for any business without society or social contract there is no foundation of business in todays rapid changing economy. In the views of Wallenburg Schffler (2014), social contract is an agreement that is made between the social members and employee of the organization. However, it is not considered as an actual contract but it advocates for ethical and political accountabilities of an individual. Social contract incorporates corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and corporate philanthropy. All these aspects play a significant role in ensuring the legitimacy of the accounting practices within the firms. It is because legitimacy theory holds the utilization of the valid codes and rules and standards in handling accounting practices. The consideration of social contact in the legitimacy theory of the accounting is quite effective for the welfare of the business and society as well. It is because social contract makes it mandatory for the involved people to make the accounting practices legitimate by considering all ethical and social aspects of the accounting. The fairness and transparency in accounting through social contract is helpful to reduce the risk and uncertainties within the business. Social contract shows the accountability of the accountant towards the society while preparing the accounts of the company (Dawkins Fraas, 2013). Without it, there may be possibility that the accountants may follow unfair and fraudulent practices in accounting that may misguide the stakeholders regarding the financial position of the company. Social contract enforces the firms to develop sustainable reporting that considers different environmental, social and financial aspects of the company. It also ensures that firms are reporting their financial aspects with consideration of norms and bounds regarding their respective societies. The social norms and boundaries have dynamic nature as they keep changing over the time (Hamid Atan, 2011). Therefore, it is also essential for the organizations to make changes in their financial reporting. Due to social contract, firms prepare their financial reports with the consideration of environmental aspects and social perceptions. There are different aspects like transparency, fairness, unbiased participation in ensuring the legitimacy of the accounting practices by the firms. Social contract enforces all these aspects in financial reporting that ensure regarding the legitimacy of the accounting practices. This makes it mandatory for the organizations to disclose the all the information that may affect the interests of the society. It means that firms need to be consistent with the expectations and interests of the society (Khan, et al., 2013). If any firm follows the rules and boundaries of the society while reporting their financial aspects, then it may lead to legitimacy of the financial reporting. According to Mkel Nsi (2010), it is crucial for the company to consider sustainability in reporting practices. Social contracts make it compulsory to consider the society, government and investors. It means social contract drives the adaptability of sustainability in reporting. Sustainability practices in reporting entails about the companys initiatives towards the society to make fair and transparent business operations. It means such types of practices are effective to promote the legitimacy of the financial accounts of the company. In the study of Farook, et al. (2011), it is explored that social contract is effective to enforce the sustainable reporting that is an evidence of contribution of the company in the socio-economic development of the country. Due to this, it becomes easy for the company to develop trust and confidence among the stakeholders. At the same time, Garca-Snchez, et al. (2013) depicted that social contract is also related to corporate social reasonability of the firms as firms are involved in CSR activities and report this information in their financial records then they try to become more fair and transparent in their financial records. They follow ethical practices and principles while preparing the financial statements and reports that result in the legitimate financial reporting. The study of Wallenburg Schffler (2014) highlights the social contract theory and its implications in legitimacy theory of the financial reporting by stating that there is a significant relationship or social contract between the business and society that implies some indirect obligations of business towards the society. It also makes the management to take decision in an ethical way that also causes legitimacy in reporting. Ethical consideration in financial reporting ensures that company will follow the required standards and re gulations in financial reports that automatically facilitate the legitimacy of reporting (Lanis Richardson, 2012). According to social contract theory, the organizations operate by public consent to serve the requirements of the society. As reported by Wagiciengo Belal (2012), the legitimacy theory is based on the notion that there is a social contract between the organization and society in which it operates. So, the firms try to legitimize their operations and activities through CSR engagement to get approval from the society to do business continuously. At the same time, Pellegrino Lodhia (2012) depicted that the social contract defines the expectations of the society regarding how the firm need to conduct its operations. Similarly, legitimacy theory is based on the idea that it is mandatory for the firms to act within the bounds and norms of the society to successfully and continuously operate their business. In addition, Mkel Nsi (2010) argue that legitimacy of the financial reporting can be improved if the firms maintain reciprocal relationship with their stakeholders with the fulfillment of obligations to meet their interests. An implicit social contract between the society and business makes it required for the firms to disclose the CSR aspects. As per the views of Khan, et al. (2013), legitimacy theory is supported by the concept of the social contract as it is stated that the organizations to try legitimize by operating within the socially acceptable bounds, to their reporting policies. The firms disclose the information related to environmental impact of their business activities in order to comply with the social perceptions. The study of Chiu Sharfman (2011) found that corporate disclosures like environmental reporting are due to social contract between the business and society to legitimize the business operations. As per the legitimacy theory, the firms change their reporting policies and practices to indicate that they follow the social norms and bounds effectively. Limitations and Criticism of Social Contract: It is criticized by Rossi (2014) that social contract theory causes conflicts in improving legitimacy of the accounting practices. It is because the bonding of contract between the business and society has differences at different social levels. All stakeholders have their own interests that differ from each other and cause conflicts of interests. In addition to this, differences in the attitude, values, norms, perception and ides may discourage the key shareholders of a company. In such situation, it may be difficult for the firms to consider the legitimacy of the accounting practices. In support of this, Farook, et al. (2011) also affirmed that firms need to consider different needs and expectations of different stakeholders that may be contradictory to each other. This contradiction also shows in the financial reporting that may affect the legitimacy of the reporting. It is because stakeholders want that firm should increase profits without causing high costs of sustainability pra ctices while public and government require that company needs to fulfill CSR practices with environmental protection and social welfare. So, the conflicts in these interests and expectations cause dilemma for the company to be bound with the social contract and enhance the legitimacy of the accounting practices. On the other hand, Chiu Sharfman (2011) argued that social contract theory is based on hypothetical world as in real life; it is not easy to execute the social contract and bound to follow some regulations to fulfill the duties towards the society. No-one has signed the social contract to follow morality and ethical principles in the society. So, hypothetical social contract cannot be applied in real world. However, the findings of Farook, et al. (2011) reveal that it is not difficult to follow the sensible rules as they are rational due to possible reality of the best interest for someone. This theory is beneficial for those who follow the contract. Besides, this theory is also criticized for ignoring the rights of someone who does not benefit the society. On the other hand, Mkel Nsi (2010) described that social contract works as voluntarily effort by the firms to maintain sustainability reporting leading to legitimacy of the accounting practices. But, it is considered that it is only a purpose of developing better image among the customers and complying with the laws and regulations. Due to public pressure and law compliance, firms adopt such practices in accounting as there is less impact of social contract in enhancing legitimacy of the accounting. But at the same time, Lanis Richardson (2012) argued that there is motive behind the legitimacy of the reporting by the firms to develop strong brand image among the customers and persuade their buying behavior positively to increase revenues and profits. Therefore, social contract is not valid point to explain the legitimacy of the accounting practices adopted by the firms. Conclusion As per the overall analyses of the report, it can be concluded that social contract theory effectively plays a crucial role in business to follow the ethical practices and standards in its process. It can also find that social contract theory emphasizes business to earn a profit and increase their wealth to give benefits to the society as well. Moreover, legitimacy theory in accounting depicts that moral and ethical practices are important for a business to survive in a long time. At the same time, it can also be concluded that social contract is valuable to provide greater benefit to ensure peaceful society. Social contract ensures peace, justice, protection and stability of the society as it is crucial for the accountants to follow legitimacy of the accounting practices to provide such benefits. Proper compliance with social responsibility and ethical principles due to social contract brings legitimacy in accounting practices. In addition, some people believe that social contract is hypothetical theory as it is not applicable to enhance legitimacy of the accounting. But, defenders claim that if any rational theory brings peace and fairness in the society, then there is no harm to follow it. In general, there are several arguments in favor and against this theory, so its importance cannot be ignored in contributing legitimacy of the accounting practices. Apart from that, it is also found that social contract theory keeps an eye on the organisations to fulfill the social responsibilities towards environment and sustainability issues. On the other hand, it can also be said that, this research study had discussed various important and significant concepts and principles related to the accounting theories that could be used and applied by the business firms in order to effectively and properly run their business functions and roles related to the accounting. At the same time, this research study is also provides innovative ways and methods in order to bring innovation and development within the current accounting practices and methods. Overall, such concepts should be adopted in order to enhance organizational productivity and profitability. In addition to this, it is also suggested to the company that they should follow the rules and principals of sustainability in making and developing their financial statements and records in an effective and proper manner. This could help a company in improving its image and value and improving the level of profit, revenue, sales and market share directly or indirectly. Lastly, it can be concluded from the overall findings that every business needs to follow the ethical practices to remain competitive in the long term and to maintain good reputation by integrating social contract into legitimacy of accounting. It is because the legitimacy of the accounting practices is based on the social contract that makes the organizations responsible to follow fair and transparent practices in accounting. References: Baker, E. (2013).Social Contract, Essays by Locke, Hume and Rousseau.USA: Read Books Ltd. Ball, A., Grubnic, S., Birchall, J. 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